Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Physiology

A comparative study of the functional anatomy of the integument and the digestive, respiratory, urinogenital, circulatory, nervous, muscular and skeletal systems of living vertebrates to illustrate the major adaptive changes that have occurred during their evolution from fish to mammals. A general and comparative study of animal physiological principles including, nutrition and digestion, homeostasis and ionic/osmotic regulation, excretion, respiration, reproduction and blood circulation. Control and co-ordination of body functions by nervous and endocrine systems.